• Material and energy balances
  • For reactive and non-reactive systems
• Recycle, bypass, and purge processes
• Stoichiometry of growth and product formation
• Degree of reduction
• Electron balance
• Theoretical oxygen demand

Classical Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics

• Laws of thermodynamics
• Solution thermodynamics
• Phase equilibria
• Reaction equilibria
• Ligand binding
• Membrane potential
• Energetics of metabolic pathways
• Oxidation and reduction reactions

Transport Processes

• Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
• Fluid flow
  • Laminar and turbulent
• Mixing in bioreactors
  • Mixing time
• Molecular diffusion and film theory
• Oxygen transfer and uptake in bioreactor
  • kLa and its measurement
• Conductive and convective heat transfer
• LMTD (Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference)
• Overall heat transfer coefficient
• Heat exchangers

• Rate law
  • Zero and first order kinetics
• Ideal reactors
  • Batch
  • Mixed flow
  • Plug flow
• Enzyme immobilization
• Diffusion effects
  • Thiele modulus
  • Effectiveness factor
  • Damkoehler number
• Kinetics of
  • Cell growth
  • Substrate utilization
  • Product formation
• Structured and unstructured models
• Batch, fed-batch, and continuous processes
• Microbial and enzyme reactors
• Optimization and scale up

Upstream and Downstream Processing

• Media formulation and optimization
• Sterilization of
  • Air
  • Media
• Filtration
  • Membrane filtration
  • Ultrafiltration
• Centrifugation
  • High speed
  • Ultra
• Cell disruption
• Principles of chromatography
  • Ion exchange
  • Gel filtration
  • Hydrophobic interaction
  • Affinity
  • GC (Gas Chromatography)
  • HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
  • FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography)
• Extraction, adsorption, and drying

Instrumentation and Process Control

• Pressure, temperature, and flow measurement devices
• Valves
• First order and second order systems
• Feedback and feed forward control
• Types of controllers
  • Proportional
  • Derivative
  • Integral control
• Tuning of controllers

• Totipotency
• Regeneration of plants
• Plant growth regulators and elicitors
• Tissue culture and cell suspension culture system
  • Methodology
  • Kinetics of growth
  • Nutrient optimization
• Production of secondary metabolites
• Hairy root culture
• Plant products of industrial importance
• Artificial seeds
• Somaclonal variation
• Protoplast, protoplast fusion
  • Somatic hybrid
  • Cybrid
• Transgenic plants
  • Direct and indirect methods of gene transfer techniques
  • Selection marker and reporter gene
  • Plastid transformation

Animals

• Culture media composition and growth conditions
• Animal cell and tissue preservation
• Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture
• Kinetics of cell growth
• Micro & macro-carrier culture
• Hybridoma technology
• Stem cell technology
• Animal cloning
• Transgenic animals
• Knock-out and knock-in animals

Microbes

• Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites
  • Biofuels
  • Bioplastics
  • Industrial enzymes
  • Antibiotics
• Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins and metabolites
• Clinical-, food-, and industrial-microbiology
• Screening strategies for new products

• Restriction and modification enzymes
• Vectors
  • Plasmids
  • Bacteriophage and other viral vectors
  • Cosmids
  • Ti plasmid
  • Bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes
• Expression vectors
• cDNA and genomic DNA library
• Gene isolation and cloning
• Strategies for production of recombinant proteins
• Transposons and gene targeting

Molecular Tools

• Polymerase chain reaction
• DNA/RNA labelling and sequencing
• Southern and northern blotting
• In-situ hybridization
• DNA fingerprinting
  • RAPD
  • RFLP
• Site-directed mutagenesis
• Gene transfer technologies
• CRISPR-Cas
• Biosensing and biosensors

Analytical Tools

• Principles of microscopy
  • Light, electron, fluorescent, and confocal
• Principles of spectroscopy
  • UV, visible, CD, IR, fluorescence
  • FT-IR, MS, NMR
• Electrophoresis
• Micro-arrays
• Enzymatic assays
• Immunoassays
  • ELISA
  • RIA
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Immunoblotting
• Flow cytometry
• Whole genome and ChIP sequencing

Computational Tools

• Bioinformatics resources and search tools
• Sequence and structure databases
• Sequence analysis
  • Sequence file formats
  • Scoring matrices
  • Alignment
  • Phylogeny
• Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics
• Gene prediction
• Functional annotation
• Secondary structure and 3D structure prediction
• Knowledge discovery in biochemical databases
• Metagenomics
• Metabolic engineering and systems biology