Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data
calculation of standard deviation, variance, and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped
data.
Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Bayes

Sets and their representation: Union, intersection, and complement of sets and their algebraic
properties; Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one,
into and onto functions, the composition of functions

Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its
applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving
charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two
parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current
loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to
ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its
axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field.
Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, the effect of temperature on magnetic
properties

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy
currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating
current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits,
wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of
electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical
surfaces, thin lens formula, and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its
applications. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction
of light through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting )
and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using
Huygens principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment, and expression for fringe
width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit,
width of central maximum. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-
polarized light and Polaroid

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de
Broglie relation.

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Mass-energy relation,
mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission,
and fusion.<

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode
as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener
diode as a voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
1. Vernier calipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude
and time.
4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a
given spherical body,
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
13. The focal length of;
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Concave mirror, and
(ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.
14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
15. The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
18. Identification of Diode. LED, Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and
chromatography - principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.
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Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur, and phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic
quantitative analysis

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification
of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions;
stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.

lassification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties,
and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of
halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen,
halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and
polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides:
Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of
electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration.
Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-
substituted benzene.

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms
of substitution reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DD

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS
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Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of
dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and
sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group,
relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic
addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation:
reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of -hydrogen. aldol condensation,
Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and
Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of
primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and
fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins:
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of
proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction)

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of
the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and
ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.
• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
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Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases, and the use of indicators,
oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4
+
Anions- CO3
2−, S2-,SO4
2−, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).
Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature